Friday 23 February 2018

Military administration in ancient India



{Military system in Epic and Purana} 
Every nation has its earliest history,- a history of its hard struggle with nature and hostile tribes, wonderfully mixed up with legends traditions, tales and myths. This legendry history, it may be presumed, takes in course of time a concrete shape and appears as a heroic poetry. This beginning of Indian Epic poetry may be traced to the later  Vedic texts which contains legend (itihasa)*1* . There are two main epics in Indian history 1- Ramayana 2- Mahabharata. In Ramayana we can see the arrangement of military by the lord Ram he arrange different type of military for the battle with Ravana. In Mahabharata we can find easily the arrangement and the four fold army and the war ministers at the time of the war between Abhimanyu and Kaurvas Guru Dronacharya maintaind a viyuha (arranging of all army force at a special place)*2*. The Vedic host consisted of two division 1-patti (foot soldiers) and Rathin (cavalry), the epic army attained a fourfold*3*
In Santi parva and in Agni purana we can see the practices of different army – “Foot soldiers were probably drawn from all shorts of people including foreigners. In the infantry this is the quantity rather than the quality that counted. The importance of of the infantry has been stressed again and again in the both Epics and puranas”*4* but of the four-fold army division of the army it is the chariot or rather the hero fighting from the chariot I.e. Rathi who was seen to play a most conspicuous and decisive part in the conduct of battles in the age of Mahabharata. Here the word of Mr. Hopkins may be quoted: “The Knight in his chariot is equal to an army. Frequently we found thousands running mounted hero. In case of national hero, of course, no bounds are set in description. Though fear of Arjuna, everybody, even the Knights ran away; the horse-riders abandoned their horse, the elephants and horses”*5*.

{Fortification}-
• In Epics and Puranas we got so many evidences of fortification. Fortification is the one of the most important work to save a state or Kingdom. Epics shows that the people were not ignorant of the rules of encampment and of the various necessities of maintaining and provisioning forts and armours with some degree of perfection these have received great attention in the later works on the Nitisastra*3*. There are 6 types of durga (forts) described in Manusmriti and in Arthashastra they are 1- GIRI DURGA 2- JAL DURGA 3-VENA DURGA 4- DHANU DURGA 5- MAHI DURGA 6- NAR DURGA. The minister of durga was called as ‘durgadhyaksha’, and the gatekeeper was called as durgapala, durgapala make his attention on the various activities outside of the fort. Fort shows the power and ability of the king, in Ramayana we can read the description of ravanas fort, hanuman search all the sources of routs and the bhanadar of ayudh and food. He also destroyed one ayudh bhandar and a garden. We can find out the ministry of the fort the durgapala was appointed in front of the gate and she maintain her attention on every movements outside of the fort*6*. Here we can say that the forts and the fortification is very important from the beginning of monarchy.
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Jahaz Mahal Mandu
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Nal Durga
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Roopmati Mahal
{military administration}
Military system in kautilyas arthashastra-
When we start reading about the military administration our first preference is depend on the Arthashastra, generally ascribed to chanakya (kautilya), prime minister of Chandragupta maurya. Whoever may be its author and whatever may be the date of its composition. {“Messrs Ganapati Sastri ,Shyama shastri,Thomas Hopkins, V.A. Smith, Jayaswal and R.G. Basak assign the work to the 4th century B.C. while Missrs Winternitz, Yolly, D.R. Bhandarkar, H.C.Raichaudhary and other hold that it was written in the early century of Christian era.”}. Above are the endless controversy, it is a comprehensive work on state-craft, law and military system. Arthashastra is one of most famous book of the military administration after analysing this book we can easily identify the factor of the military administration.
Military administration is divided in such parts-
KING
(WAR MINISTER) (OFFICIALS) (FOURFOLD ARMY)
War ministers- war ministers are one of the most important chain of army administration without experienced war ministers any state cannot be safe. In different time the war ministers had wear a particular title
1- Sachiva (shukranitisara)
2- Senapati (under Mauryas and Marathas)
3- Mahabaladhikarita (under Guptas)
4- Mahaprachanddandanayaka (under Yadvas)
Very important position- The position of war minister is very important because he holds all the parts of military. The selection of the war minister is very crucial because a well war minister can save his state and he can suggest good ideas to the king.
{Selection}
A war minister had to an expert in theory and practical war. The decision making power of a war minister can make a difference between other army. He had to be an experienced proffesnol fighter, because a proffesnol fighter can understand the feelings and techniques of the enemy and they build their army according to the enemy army.
A war minister had to know technique of organization and selection of army. He had to known the viyuha rachna.
Duties- the duties of a war minister is very important he have to focus on the army and forts. He sees the forts are fully equipped or not. They organise fortification and make an attention on forts.Every dynasty had issues with the neighbouring states. So there were many violent conflicts between the states so it’s a common thing that they had to build a very big and huge army. This was the main fact of maintaining huge army by the states. According to chanakya an army can give you a great power to win all type of wars. So the duty of a war minister is notable.
Officials- officials are also a very important part of the army administration. Officials were Ranabhāndāgarādhikarana- Commissariat dept.
The main work of ranbhandagaradhikarana was to provide all functions during the war. He provides transport, labor corps, boats, spies and instructors for the best performance in war field. Every part were useful for the war.
1- Transport- This department maintains the transportation and the ambulance staff. According to kautilyas Arthashastra “a dynasty must have good roads and transportation” . we found so many evidence of routs of ancient India now these days ‘Grant trunk road of Varanasi is a very powerful evidence of the importance of road in war this road was made by ser sah suri in 17th century when he tried to attack on the north east India.’ Samrat Ashoka also made so many roads in his time. In every three months they renovate there roads and they have a special staff of roads. From good roads there are many profits in the trade and this makes the transportation easy.
2- Roads- The Arthashastra of kautilya tells us that construction of roads was one of the primary duty of king. The maurya state which was a highly
3- Labor corps- Commissariat department provides labors for work in the war and to maintain the forts. Labor department was one of the most important part in ancient India not even in past even in present this department playes a good role in the societies. labor corps maintained the roads at that time. The also works in the ambulance department. From other evidences we can found that in some critical conditions labor corps did had fighting so this department played many role.
4- Boats- The commissariat department also provides the boats in ancient India. Now the question comes out that is they had a navy army, and the answer is yes they had a naval army but they works in the rivers not in ocean. Every dynasty had a border and they have to protect that. Some dynasties had a border which ends at the middle of river so they protects that from the navy army. In ancient time water was very important and many wars had started for the water. Boats also play a good role in trading so this department is one of the important part of the military administration.*7*
5- Spies- Spies are the second eye of the king. From this statement we can understand the value of the spies. Spies were specially farmers sweepers and cleaners, no one can make an attention on them they were involved in the society and get the information from there. Spies were the first who gave the information about the activity of the enemy states.
6- Instructor- Instructor was gave instructions to the labors and corps. The instructor decides the quality of roads and other things.
The commissariat department received cooperation of merchants*8*. They protects the merchants because the merchants were a big tax payer of that time. And the other truth of saving them is they could be spies of king. The merchants are a very great source of finding the information about the neighboring states they gives straight information and activities.
Ayudhagaradhyakshha- Ayudhgaradhyaksh was the in charge of weapons and forces works under him. According to Kautilyas Arthasashtra ayudhagaradhyakshha*9* preserves weapon for battle. He had a great knowledge of preserving weapons, sword, arrow, spheres and other machines. The quality of the weapons was completely depends on the ayudhagaradhyakshha. There are some other posts were worked under him and their work was to lookout the weapons.
Superintendent of cattle Godhyaksha – in officials there were an other department. In this department they protect cattle’s and milkier, from this wage the put a little tax on the milkman. According to arthashastra kautilya says that the taxes on the cattle is very important thing because from this system milkman can maintain their focus more on cattle that’s why they maintain an administration department on this particular area. *10* Cow was most important animal of that time in kautilyas Arthashastra we can see the importance of the cow. The superintendent of cattle was known as “Godhyaksha”*11*
Fourfold army, “Chaturangi sena”-
This was the most important department of military administration. The military administration was divided in four parts.
1- Infantry- Pattyadhyaksha
2- Cavalry- Aśvapati, bhataśvapati, mahaśvapati
3- Elephant corps- hastyadhyaksha ,mahapilupati(under Guptas),
4- Chariots-corps- Rathapati
5- Aśvapati and rathapati had masters of stables under them
This department works under the war ministers. Every department had a speciality and war minister “Senapati”. Taught them how to make a sense in the battle field.
1- Infantry “pattyadhyaksha” – As the name we can understand the meaning of infantry “footarmy”. The quantity of the foot army were more higher than others. The selection of the foot army was not so important at those time. They were selected on there physical appearance.
References
1-‘Purana’, itivrtta (history)akhyayika (tales) udaharana, (illustrated stories), dharmasastra and Arthasastra are (known by the name) itihasa kaut. S. sastry’s tr. p. 10
2-Mahabharta
3-The game of chess which was played in india from the earliest times to the days of Alberuni probably according to Dr. Smith , its origin in the chaturangabala.
4- santi parva 100.24.
5- agni purana 288.7.
6- ramayana lanka kanda and sunder kanda.
7- The superintendent of cattle should know about (cattle) looked after in return for a wage, tended with a tax and a fixed return, become useless and cast of, entered (in the state in the herds ) by payment of share, the total number of (cattle in) herds (cattle) that are lost or have perished, and the total produce milk and ghee. Arhashastra chapter no. 29 . 1
8- One person should look after one hundred animals containing an equal number of aged cows , cows with young, cows with calf for the first. Arhthashastra chapter no.29 . 4
9- Navadhyakshah samudrasanyanandimukhtarpracharan devasarovisaronditransch sthaniyadishvavekcheta., village on there shores and banks shall pay a fixed (tax)., fishermen shall pay one sixth (of their catch)as rent for the boats., Traders shall pay a part (of the goods) as duty according as it may be current at the ports, those travelling by the king’s ship (shall pay) hire for the voyage. The controller of shipping shall observe the regulations in a port town as fixed by the commissioner of ports.(arthashastra chapter-28, 1,2,3,4,7,)
10- Traders shall pay a part (of goods) as duty according as it may be current at the ports, those travelling by the king’s ship (shall pay) hire for voyage.
11- Ayudhgaradhyakshhah sangramikam daugarkarmikam parpurabhighatikan cha yantramayudhamavaranamupakaranam cha tajjatkarushilpibhiha kritakarmapramanakaalvetnfalnishpttibhiha karyet, svabhumishushva sthapyeta.

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Jal Mahal Nal Durg
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Vasai Fort

Tuesday 30 January 2018

गाँधी युग है



गाँधी मात्र एक इंसान नही हैं वो अपने में एक युग हैं। किसी सरकार या किसी समुदाय में इतनी कुवत नही की वो पूरा का पूरा युग मिटा सके। गाँधी को थे के अलावाँ हैं कहने का तात्पर्य यही है कि गाँधी आज भी जिंदा हैं बापू आज भी जिंदा है। गोडसे हत्यारे के बन्दूक से निकली गोली ने बापू को शरीर रूपी बन्धन से छुड़ाया था पर मार ना सका। अभी हाल में ही दिल्ली से ग्वालियर जाने के लिये मै जनरल बोगी में चढा, भारतीय रेल की वो बोगी लोगों से खचाखच भरी हुई थी मानो ऐसा लगता था की देश की एक बड़ी आबादी संकट में आकर विस्थापित हो रही हो। नहीं लगता है कि ये शरीर से मात्र इंसान हैं अंदर से जानवर अरे भला कोई इतनी भीड़ में खड़े-खड़े कैसे सफर कर सकता है। मैं ट्रेन की बदबूदार बाथरूम के पास खड़ा रहा ट्रेन नई दिल्ली से चली हल्की हल्की हवा मेरे चेहरे को छुये जा रही थी सामने मेरे असली भारत था वो भारत जो सोने की चिड़िया कहा जाता था। धीरे-धीरे मैं खयालों में खोते चले गया सामने अफ्रिका का स्टेशन था एक आदमी सूट बूट में पहली क्लास के बोगी में चढ रहा है उसके हाँथ में पहली क्लास का टिकट भी था पर उसे धक्के मार के निकाल दिया गया क्युँकी वो आदमी काला था गाँधी था। सहसा मै अपने को कलकत्ता के एक हॉटेल के आगे खड़ा पाया, उस हॉटेल के आगे एक पट्टी लगी हुई थी कुत्तों और भारतियों को आना मना है। अचानक एक दादा का पैर मेरे पैर पर पड़ा और मेरी नींद खुली आँखे डबडबाई हुई थी। सामने भारत था अंग्रेजों के जाने के बाद भारत में रंग भेद कुछ कम हुआ पर रूपया ईश्वर हो गया पैसा है तो आप ट्रेन मे अच्छे से सफर कर सकते हैं पैसा नही है तो फेंक दिये जाओगे। गाँधी जी जिस जाति रूपी कुष्ठ को खत्म करना चाहते थे वो अब कैंसर बन चुका है। उनकी हत्या करने वालों ने जाति के आगे निकल गये और धर्म की तकरार भी लेते आये। गाँधी नें लोगों को मन्दिर-मस्जिद तोड़ने से रोका था पर उनके हत्यारे आज वही तोड़ रहे हैं। महात्मा गाँधी आज के अत्यधिक तीव्र दिमाग वाले पढे लिखे ढपोरसंखों द्वारा गरियाये जाते हैं, गरियाने में वही लोग अधिक हैं जिन्होने कभी गाँधी को पढा तक नही, समझा तक नही, जिस व्यक्ति के व्यक्तित्व के आगे सारी दुनिया नत मस्तक हो गयी जिसकी शिक्षा देश-विदेश तक पढायी जाती है आज वह गाँधी गाली का पात्र हो गया है। वाह राजनीति सही भी है आज माहौल है की मिथकों को सम्मान मिल रहा है गाय माता है पर बेटियाँ मात्र यौनसुख का साधन, प्राचीन नारी सम्मान के लिये जान ले लेने की परम्परा है पर आधुनिक बेटियों के लिये चुप्पी। ऐसे समाज से क्या अपेक्षा की जा सकती है?  गाँधी आज भी जिन्दा हैं दबे हैं कहीं इस अराजक संसार में पर उम्मीद है वह लाठी वाला बूढा फिर चलेगा रघुपति राघव का गान होगा और भारत का राजनीतिक दोहन करने वाले धर्मों को लड़ाने वालों का सफाया होगा। उम्मीद है और उम्मीद पर दुनिया कायम है।
चलता हूँ आपको उम्मीद व गिरिजा कुमार माथुर के कविता के सहारे छोड़ कर-  

होंगे कामयाब
हम होंगे कामयाब एक दिन
मन में है विश्वास, पूरा है विश्वास
हम होंगे कामयाब एक दिन। 

हम चलेंगे साथ-साथ
डाल हाथों में हाथ
हम चलेंगे साथ-साथ, एक दिन
मन में है विश्वास, पूरा है विश्वास
हम चलेंगे साथ-साथ एक दिन।

होगी शांति चारों ओर
होगी शांति चारों ओर, एक दिन
मन में है विश्वास, पूरा है विश्वास
होगी शांति चारों ओर एक दिन।


नहीं डर किसी का आज
नहीं डर किसी का आज एक दिन
मन में है विश्वास, पूरा है विश्वास
नहीं डर किसी का आज एक दिन।

सर्वाधिकार संरक्षित लेखक के पास 


Saturday 13 January 2018

चुगलखोर, रिश्वतखोर, हरामखोर, लतखोर


चुगलखोर, रिश्वतखोर, हरामखोर, लतखोर----
ये चार शब्द बड़े पैमाने पर प्रयोग मे लिए जाते हैं, कथा है करीब 6 वर्ष पहले की जब मै गांव मे रहा करता था, खेती करने से लेकर गोबर काढने तक का कार्य होता था और समय जो बचता उसमे गांव की राजनीति और लड़ाई टन्टा में गुजरता, हमारे गांव के पास ही कल्लू राम का घर था वो जब भी घर के बाहर निकलता तो उसे एक ही आवाज सुनाई पड़ती कारे लतखोरवा कहाँ जात बाटे.. हमको लगता था कि बेचारा एतना गरियाया जा रहा है केतना सीधा है पर अरे बप्पा रे... एतना गरियाये जाने के बाद भी उहै करता था जिसके लिये गरियाया जाता था। अब हम सौंचे की इ लतखोर है का... भारतीय गारी अनुसंधान केन्द्र में मैं विशिष्ट गारी की पुस्तकों का वाचन किया तो पता दिमाग का इस्क्रू खुला। चुगलखोर, रिश्वतखोर, हरामखोर, पहिले इन तीनों शब्द के बारे में देखा जाये चुगलखोर (चुगल+खोर) अर्थात् चुगली करने वाला, रिश्वतखोर (रिश्वत+खोर) अर्थात् रिश्वत खाने वाला, हरामखोर (हराम+खोर) अर्थात् हराम मल्लब मुफ्त का खाने वाला, मल्लब की बिना कमाये दूसरों का खाने वाला अर्थात् मित्र, अब बचा आखिरी लतखोर अर्थात् (लत+खोर) लात मल्लब लातन से घूसन से और खोर मल्लब खाने या कूटा जाने वाला अर्थात् जो दिनभर लात घूसे से ठोका जाता हो वही है लतखोर..........................
उम्मीद है अच्छा लगा होगा... ना लगा हो तो मिट्टी का तेल कान में और साइनाइड जुबान पर रख लो...

Friday 12 January 2018

चिरकुट


पी.सी.https://twitter.com/bjp_chor_hai


हट चिरकुट नहीं तो, भाग चिरकुट, धत चिरकुट, चिरकुटअई होबे,
ये सब पूर्वांचल मे अक्सर सुनाई दे पड़ता है मतलब पता हो या ना हो पर बिना दाँत के गर्गलाने वाले दद्दा से लेकर 2 साल के सोनू तक सब ये शब्द का प्रयोग करते हैं, अपने गांव के चौराहे पर बैठे बैठे हम ये सुने जा रहे थे मन मे सवाल था व्याकुलता थी कि आखिर ये होता क्या है बिना मतलब जाने लोग ये शब्द पेले जा रहे हैं इसका कोई तो ओर छोर होगा, शोधर्ती दिमाग कार्य पर लग गया. इब पहले तो दिमाग गया कि चिरकुट का संधि विच्छेद देखा जाए जैसे चिरंजीव, चिर आयु आदि अब यहां चीर मतलब है कालांतर मतलब कि अमर चिरंजीव मतलब अमर प्राणी तो चिरकुट चिर और कुट दो शब्दो से मिल कर बना है, अब पिछले अर्थ के अनुसार चीर मतलब अमर या कालांतर तक और कुट का तात्पर्य यहाँ पर कूटना है अर्थात चिरकुट मतलब जो अपने जीवन के हर पड़ाव पर लतखोर हो, हरहट हो..
इस प्रकार चिरकुट शब्द से पर्दा उठा अच्छा शब्द है। 

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.funny.jokes2015&hl=hi

Wednesday 6 December 2017

जौनपुरिया मूली



PC

जौनपुर की जब बात हो और मूली की बात ना हो ऐसा हो ही नहीं सकता। खाने के मामले में जौनपुर का एक अहम योगदान रहा है चाहे वह मीठा मटन हो या फिर जौनपुर की इमरती सबका अपना एक अलग स्थान है। लेकिन जो बात बहुत कम लोगों को पता होगी वह यह है की जौनपुर की मूली जो की बहोत तेज विकसित होती है और इनका आकार भी और स्थानो के मूलियों से बड़ा होता है तथा ये बड़ी होने के साथ साथ बाकी स्थानों के मूलियों से बहुत ही ज्यादा नरम होती है। इसके पीछे यहां के पानी का वह यहां की मिट्टी का बहुत बड़ा योगदान है जौनपुर में करीब 5 बड़ी नदियां बहती हैं जिनका नाम गोमती सयी बसुही, पीली व वरुणा है। इन नदियों के कारण यहां की मिट्टी बहुत ही ज्यादा उर्वरक है यही कारण है कि जौनपुर में कई प्राचीन सभ्यताएं उदित हुई जिनमें से मदार डीह जिसका उत्खनन डॉ सचिन तिवारी, डॉ अनिल दूबे अादि ने किया तथा उत्तर भारत मे प्रथम बार बाघ का दांत मिला। जौनपुर किले के पास की पुरातात्विक स्थली जिसका उत्खनन श्री सैय्यद जमाल जी ने किया तथा यहाँ से भी कई अति प्राचीन अवशेष मिले, इनके अलावा जौनपुर में कई ऐतिहासिक व मध्यकालीन अवशेष आज भी जौनपुर की शौर्यगाथा का विवरण प्रस्तुत करते हैं। यह संभव हुआ क्युँकी यहाँ की मिट्टी अति उपजाऊ है, मूली के संदर्भ में बात करते हुए यह भी ध्यान देने योग्य है की आसपास के कुछ और जिलों में भी हमें बड़ी मूलियाँ दिखाई पड़ते हैं। यह बड़े गर्व की बात है कि आज भी जौनपुर का किसान यहां पर मूली की खेती करता है और मूली का एक विशिष्ट स्थान है यहां के तरकारियों में। 

Tuesday 28 November 2017

Burzahom The Neolithic site of India

courtsy


Burzahom is one of the most important neolithic site of anciant india. This site is situated in the vale of kashmir near jhelum river about 6 miles north-east of shrinagar. This site is divided in four phases and each period has a special quality. In burzahom we can find so many verities and development stages of ancient persons. They use to do paintings they use to do hunting and they know how to make pots and plates, they believed in the second life that’s why in the burials they buried their lovable animals and other ornaments and some other important things with them. Their burials are near their graves.

The first excavation was a trial excavation by yale- cambridge expendition,but serious excavation was done in the year of (1959) by Archeological Survey Of India. After exploration the archaeologists found many amazing facts about the site the radiocarbon dates indicates to be before 2920 b.c., the largest were presumably pit-dwellings, and post-holes around the perimeter probably indicate colonical roofs. From these pits they try to save themselves from the winter and other natural disasters
In cross-section these pits are narrow at the top, though they widen out towards the base . floors and the walls were occasionally mud-plastered. In the deeper pits steps were cut for parts of the depth, though ladders must also have been used. The largest of these pits measured 3.96m in depth and had a diameter at the base of 4.57 m while the mouth was only 2.74 m. there were ashes both in the pits and at ground level in the stone hearths near the entrance. The dwelling pits were thus the devices made by early Neolithic man to fight the seven winters of Kashmir .some of the chambers had stone hearths while the others had a clay hearth which clearly indicates human occupation. These chambers were used as a residential purpose
courtsy


The people of burzahom used different type of tools and those tools were specially made of stone and bone in the excavation the archaeologists were found many different tools made of bone and stone the uses blades bows arrows spears and folks etc. by using the bones they made different type of needles .
. At burzahom archaeologists found a stone slab the size of the stone slab is rectangular and this slab is belonged to the second phase of Neolithic culture at the site (I.A.R. 1962-63) the slab bearing a hunting scene in the scene we can see there are two peoples who wants to kill an stag with bow and spear, in the picture we can see that the first hunter have already discharged the arrow from the front side and the second hunter who is the behind of the stag is carrying a long spear . On the top of the painting there are two suns shine in the sky. In the painting there is a dog on the corner from this painting we can say that the persons of meharghar take there dogs with them at hunting .

In burzahom there are so many animal burials. The animals represented in the burials are dog, wolf, and ibex. The most interesting amongst these was a burial showing skeletal remains belonging to five wild dogs and antlers horn. It shows that the pets were sacrificed and buried with human body.
The human burials are near graves with there pet animals in the burial they buried some more things with the human as ornaments , tools and some other things.

In burzahom peoples were uses different types of pots some are burnished ware pots and some are red ware pots . they makes so many designs and pictures on the pots. They know how to make different types of jars,plates, mugs and other pottery
Conclusion- the Neolithic age of Burzahom is important and it takes a very important place in the history south asia the peoples of Burzahom are very intelligent they know how to face the nature because is very cold area and they made dwelling pits and they know the art of pot making they buried dead bodies and they believe in the life after death that’s why they put so many things in the burial .The painting of hunting shows how they hunt different types of animal and they carry there dogs with them. They uses so many tools made by bone and stone .
Rights

Tuesday 14 November 2017

कोल्हू का बैल


आज से करीब 5०-6० वर्ष पहले तक कोल्हू का प्रचलन खूब था| कई पुरानी चलचित्रों मे कोल्हू को दिखाया गया है | अब नयी पीढी जो चेहरा किताब व अन्य मनोरंजन के माध्यमों से जुड़ी हुई है, उसके लिये कोल्हू तो किसी परग्रही वस्तु से कम नही है। तो पहले मै कोल्हू होता क्या है इसकी जानकारी प्रेसित करता हूँ - कोल्हू मुख्यत: पत्थर या लकड़ी के बनाये जाते थे, जिन्हे सरसो का तेल निकालने हेतु प्रयोग मे लाया जाता था तथा इन्हे बैलों के द्वारा चलाया जाता था (कोल्हू का बैल शब्द यहीं से आया है) | अब जब लेखक जौनपुर के परिपेक्ष्य मे बात कर रहा है तो यह जानना महत्वपूर्ण है कि वह अपने भ्रमण के दौरान करीब 25-26 प्रकार के विभिन्न तरीके के कोल्हूओं को देखा तथा उनको डाक्यूमेंट किया। विभिन्न कोल्हू में मुख्य बदलाव कोल्हू के उपर बनाया गया चित्र तथा साज सज्जा हैं (उकेर के बनाया गया)। अब प्रश्न यह है की कोल्हू करीब 200 कुन्तल के करीब होते हैं कुछ छोटे भी होते हैं परन्तु वो भी 100 कुन्तल से कम तो नही होते लाये कहाँ से व कैसे जाते थे ? यह जानने के लिये लेखक ऐसे गाँवों का सफर किया जहाँ पर कोल्हू उपलब्ध थे या जो प्राचीन काल में कोल्हू के ले जाने वाले राह मे पड़ते थे। वहाँ से बुजुर्गों आदि से बात कर यह नतीजा निकला की इसके पीछे प्रतिष्ठा का सवाल है- कहा जाता है की जौनपुर मे 100% कोल्हू विन्ध्याँचल व चुनार से लाया जाता था। यह गौर करने वाली बात है की उनका निर्माण वहीं मिर्जापुर में ही हो जाता था, बनने के बाद ये बेलनकार हो जाते थे अब इन्हे गड़ारी की तरह चलाया जा सकता था। जो कोल्हू लेने जाते थे उनका पूरा झुंड रहता था तथा वो बस कोल्हू को एक गाँव के सरहद पर पहुँचा देते थे तथा जब किसी गाँव मे कोल्हू पहुँच जाता था तो उस गाँव वाले मिल के कोल्हू को अपने गाँव के बाहर पहुँचा आते थे तथा उसके एवज मे उन्हे गुड़ चना आदि खरमेटाव (खाने हेतु) मे मिलता था। इसी प्रक्रिया से कोल्हू अपने गंतव्य पर पहुचते थे |

कोल्हुओं पर मुख्यतः किसी ना किसी पुजा पाठ का अंकन होता है जो की पुरापाषाण कालीन भित्ति चित्र की तरह दिखाई देते हैं (इस विषय पर कभी संपूर्ण लेख) जो कि इस बात का घोतक है की पाषाण कालीन जीवन यापन की छाप लंबे समय तक रहा है, गावों मे इन कोल्हुओं की पूजा बहोत श्रद्धा व भक्ती के साथ किया जाता है, वर्तमान मे मशीनीकरण होने के वजह से ये सारी प्राचीन विधियाँ समाप्त होने लगी हैं

शिवम् दूबे
p.c. https://goo.gl/Dkhpbx

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